长右

The Classic of Southern Mountains: four hundred and fifty li southeast is Mount Changyou. No grass, no trees, only water. A beast lives there shaped like a monkey with four ears. Its name is Changyou; its voice is like chanting; when it appears, the district floods. Mount Changyou: nothing grows, and there is only water. The premise matters — a bare rock mountain, where rain runs straight off the stone. On it lives a beast shaped like a yu, which is a monkey. With four ears. Four ears narrows the field to the gibbons of China. Gibbon ears are not like other primates'. Behind each ear are two long white tufts, flaring up and out like raised sideburns. Add the ear itself and the sides of the head present four white patches. The skywalker hoolock gibbon: males black, with long white fur from behind the ear down to the chin, forming a broad white face-fringe. Females golden, with a black patch from crown to nape. The Hainan gibbon: all black, white cheeks. So "four ears" is not four ear canals. It is four white auditory markers: two ears, two tufts. In dense forest, a black shape with four white points on either side of the head. That is the identification mark. Then "its voice is like chanting." Gibbon song is the most musical vocalization of any primate. It has structure: a few short rising notes, then a long trilled glide, then a broken close. Male and female duet, high and low, alternating, for ten minutes or more. It carries three to five kilometres. What did the ancients hear? A sound echoing in a valley, melodic, rhythmic — like a person reciting poetry. The word yin is exactly right. Yin is not a shout or a cry. It is a drawn-out, rhythmic, emotional recitation. That is what gibbon song is. Then the last clause: "when it appears, the district floods." What do gibbons have to do with floods? The key: gibbons are barometers. Primate calling is weather-linked. In clear weather and high pressure, calls are short and infrequent. As pressure falls and humidity rises, ahead of a storm, calling becomes frequent, longer, and lower in pitch. This is not mysticism. Sound attenuates less in humid air, so calls carry further; animals are also more inclined to call. And pressure change disturbs middle-ear pressure balance, which makes many animals restless and vocal. Gibbons are canopy animals with fixed ranges, one family per territory, singing on schedule every morning. A village used to the sound knows: today they started earlier, sang longer, sounded harsher. Three days later, rain. And Mount Changyou has "no grass or trees, only water" — a bare mountain with much water. What does that terrain mean? A catchment. Rock does not absorb rain; every drop becomes a stream; several streams rise at once; downstream, a flash flood. So Changyou's forecast is doubly accurate: it lives where floods are made, and it is sensitive to pressure. The ancients did not know about pressure. They knew: when the monkeys on that mountain call, water comes in three days. So they wrote it down: when it appears, the district floods. And the name. You in Changyou is the original graph for "aid," a handhold. Changyou might be "the long thing that helps"? Or "long arm"? A gibbon's arm span exceeds its body length. An adult skywalker hoolock spans one metre twenty with a body of fifty centimetres. Swinging through the canopy, its arms are two long ropes. Or the name may simply be transcription — the recorder heard the call and wrote two syllables down. Changyou. Changyou. Does it not sound like a gibbon singing? Today fewer than one hundred and fifty skywalker hoolocks remain in China, and fewer than forty Hainan gibbons. They still sing every morning. There are almost no villages left to hear them.

เขาฉางโหย่ว ไม่มีต้นไม้ มีแต่น้ำ — ภูเขาหินโล่ง ฝนตกลงมาก็ไหลลงหมด มีสัตว์ "คล้ายลิง แต่มีสี่หู เสียงเหมือนคนร้องลำนำ เห็นเมื่อไรน้ำท่วม" "สี่หู" = ชะนี (gibbon) ข้างหูมีขนขาวยาวสองกระจุก ชี้ขึ้น-ออก รวมกับหูจริงเป็น "สี่จุดขาว" สองข้างหัว ชะนีเป็นสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนมที่ร้องเพลงไพเราะที่สุด: ขึ้นเสียงสั้น ๆ แล้วลากเสียงยาวสั่น มีทั้งตัวผู้ตัวเมียร้องสลับกัน ดังไป 3–5 กิโลเมตร "เสียงเหมือนคนร้องลำนำ" — ตรงที่สุด "เห็นแล้วน้ำท่วม": ชะนีไวต่อความกดอากาศ ก่อนพายุความชื้นสูง ความกดต่ำ มันร้องถี่ขึ้น ยาวขึ้น เสียงต่ำลง และภูเขานี้เป็นพื้นที่รับน้ำ ฝนตกลงมาก็รวมเป็นลำธารหลายสายพร้อมกัน → น้ำป่าไหลหลาก วันนี้ชะนีในจีนเหลือไม่ถึง 150 ตัว (และชะนีไหหลำไม่ถึง 40)

Gunung Changyou: tanpa tumbuhan, hanya air — gunung batu kosong, hujan terus mengalir turun. Ada binatang "seperti monyet tetapi empat telinga, bunyinya seperti dendangan; muncul, daerah banjir." "Empat telinga" ialah agih (gibbon). Di belakang telinga ada dua jumbai bulu putih panjang mencengkam ke atas dan keluar; dengan telinga sekali jadi "empat titik putih" di dua sisi kepala. Gibbon ialah primat paling bermuzik: nada pendek menaik, kemudian lengkung panjang bergetar, jantan dan betina bersahutan, kedengaran 3–5 kilometer. "Bunyi seperti dendangan" — tepat sekali. "Muncul, banjir": gibbon peka pada tekanan udara. Sebelum badai, kelembapan naik, tekanan turun, ia berbunyi lebih kerap, lebih panjang, lebih rendah. Dan gunung ini kawasan tadahan: hujan turun terus menjadi beberapa anak sungai serentak, lalu banjir kilat. Hari ini gibbon di China kurang 150 ekor (gibbon Hainan kurang 40).

Núi Trường Hữu: không cây, chỉ nước — núi đá trọc, mưa xuống là chảy hết. Có thú "như vượn nhưng bốn tai, tiếng như ngâm; xuất hiện thì huyện lụt." "Bốn tai" là vượn (gibbon). Sau mỗi tai có hai túm lông trắng dài xòe lên và ra ngoài; cộng với tai thật thành "bốn điểm trắng" hai bên đầu. Vượn là loài linh trưởng hót như nhạc nhất: vài nốt ngắn lên cao, rồi một đoạn dài rung, trống mái đối đáp, vang 3–5 km. "Tiếng như ngâm" — đúng nhất. "Xuất hiện thì lụt": vượn nhạy với khí áp. Trước bão, ẩm tăng, áp giảm, nó kêu dày hơn, dài hơn, trầm hơn. Và núi này là vùng thu nước: mưa thành nhiều suối cùng lúc, dưới là lũ quét. Nay vượn ở Trung Quốc còn dưới 150 con (vượn Hải Nam dưới 40).

Gunung Changyou: tanpa tumbuhan, hanya air — gunung batu kosong, hujan langsung mengalir turun. Ada binatang "seperti monyet tetapi empat telinga, bunyinya seperti dendangan; muncul, daerah banjir." "Empat telinga" adalah owa (gibbon). Di belakang telinga ada dua jumbai bulu putih panjang yang menjulang ke atas dan ke luar; dengan telinga sekali jadi "empat titik putih" di dua sisi kepala. Owa adalah primata paling bermusik: nada pendek menaik, lalu lengkung panjang bergetar, jantan dan betina bersahutan, terdengar 3–5 kilometer. "Bunyi seperti dendangan" — paling tepat. "Muncul, banjir": owa peka terhadap tekanan udara. Sebelum badai, kelembapan naik, tekanan turun, ia berbunyi lebih sering, lebih panjang, lebih rendah. Dan gunung ini daerah tangkapan air: hujan menjadi beberapa anak sungai serentak, lalu banjir bandang. Kini owa di Tiongkok tinggal kurang dari 150 ekor (owa Hainan kurang dari 40).